Finance Minicase Essay

MINI CASEFor your job as the commercial enterprise reporter for a local newspaper, you ar asked to put together a series of articles on multinational finance and the transnational gold food markets for your readers. much(prenominal) recent local press coverage has been given to losses in the foreign re-sentencing markets by JGAR, a local firm that is the supplementary of Daedlufetarg, a large German manufacturing firm.Your editor would identical you to address some(prenominal) unique(predicate) questions dealing with multinational finance. Prep are a response to the following(a) memorandum from your editorTo line of work ReporterFrom Perry White, Editor, Daily PlanetRe Upcoming Series on Multinational FinanceIn your coming(prenominal) series on multinational finance, I would like to make undisputable you cover several specific points. Before you begin this assignment, I regard to make sure we are all reading from the same al-Quran because accuracy has always been the cornerstone of the Daily Planet. Id like a response to the following questions before we proceeda. What new problems and factors are encountered in international, as opposed to domestic, financial management?When getting into international finance some problems and factors are added to the ones experienced within domestic finance. These problems interpose from replacement rate, cross border barriers and financing opport social unities in the global market but they do not get rid of the typical Business and Financial attempts. Business Risks can be identified as the ones that tally out with competition from other companies, reduction in sales or any other factor that may affect the activities of the MNC, and Financial Risk is related with the firms financial structure.The international trade and investment of a MNC requires the handling of foreign currencies which is sometimes translated as an Exchange come in risk due to the volatility of the exchange rate. Added to this exch ange risk, Multinational Companies deals with political Risks due to the changing political systems of different nations among their legal resolutions, taxation procedures of movements in policies.b. What does the term arbitrage profit mean? merchandise profit pith riskless profit, this is possible thanks to arbitrageurs who are individuals involved in the performance of buying and selling in more than one country to strive this riskless profit.c. What can a firm do to reduce exchange risk?In order for a firm to reduce its exchange risk some firms use forward-market and money-market hedges, nonetheless when these tools are not for sale MNC apply leading and lagging strategies which are practiced to defer income and thereby delay paying taxes and to create unhedged positions in order to speculate notes managers may delay paying out currencies they expect to appreciate and advance paying out currencies they expect to depreciate.d. What are the differences among a forward contrac t, a futures contract, and options? Forward contracts are agreements between two parties where the vendee agrees to purchase an summation (the foreign currency) and the seller agrees to sell the addition at a specific date at a price agreed upon now. Futures contracts are homogeneous but are standardized and traded on an organized exchange. Options offer the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset (the foreign currency) at a fixed price up to or on a specific date.Use the following selective information in your responses to the remaining questionsSelling Quotes for Foreign Currencies in in the altogether YorkCOUNTRY-CURRENCY CONTRACT S/FOREIGN Canada-dollar Spot .8450 30-day .8415 90-day .8390 Japan-yen Spot .004700 30-day .004750 90-day .004820 Switzerland-franc Spot .5150 30-day .5182 90-day .5328 e. An American business unavoidably to pay (a) 15,000 Canadian dollars, (b) 1.5 million yen, and (c) 55,000 Swiss francs to busi nesses abroad. What are the dollar payments to the several(prenominal) countries?We will use spot rates for calculations since time of payment is not specified.Canadian-dollar 15,000 = $12,675 USD = 15000 x0.845Japan-yen 1,500,000 = $7,050 USD = 1500000 x0.0047Swiss francs 55,000 = $28,325 USD = 55000 x0.515f. An American business pays $20,000, $5,000, and $15,000 to suppliers in, respectively, Japan, Switzerland, and Canada. How much, in local currencies, do the suppliers procure?Japan = $20,000/0.0047 = $4,255,319 hankeringSwitzerland= $5,000/0.515 = $9,709 Swiss francsCanada= $15,000 /0.845 = $17,751 Canadian dollarsg. Compute the indirect repeat for the spot and forward Canadian dollar contract.The indirect quote indicates the quash of units of a foreign currency that can be bought for one unit of the home currency.Indirect quote = foreign currency / home currencyContract S/ foreign Spot .8450 30 old age .8415 90 days .8390 Indirect quote pic $ Spot pic = 1.1834 Forwar d 30 days pic = 1.1883 90 days pic= 1.1918 h. You own $10,000. The dollar rate in capital of Japan is 216.6752. The yen rate in New York is given in the foregoing table. Are arbitrage profits possible? Set up an arbitrage scheme with your capital. What is the ready (loss) in dollars?Data $10,000 dollars Dollar rate in Tokyo is $216.6752 yen per dollar yearn rate in New York according to table 1 yen /0.004700 dollar Actual Yen rate in Tokyo 1 yen/ 0.004615 dollarArbitrage profits will be possible because the indirect rates are out of line (they are different). This is possible assuming no achievement cost.$10,000 dollars X 216.6752 = 2,166,752Arbitrage schemeAmount of money in yens = $2,166,752 display panel rate Actual Rate 0.004700 0.004615 Amount dollars= $10,183.7344 Amount dollars= $10,000 difference= $183.7344 Difference= $0.00 (2,166,752 yen ) X (0.004700) = $10,183.7344 dollars(2,166,752 yen) X (0.004615) = $10,000.00 dollarsProfit gain= $10,183.7344 dollars $ 10,000.00 dollars= 183.7344 Profit gain= $ 183.7344 dollarsi. Compute the Canadian dollar/yen spot rate from the data in the preceding table.Canadian Dollar/ U.S. Dollar Rate 1 / .8450 = 1.1834Yen/ U.S. Dollar Rate 1 / .004700= 179.78As we can go through 1.1834 Canadian Dollar is equal to 1 American Dollar retardation 212.76 Yen is the same that 1 American Dollar, it means that for each 212.76 Yen you have 1 American Dollar.

Profit and Loss Essay

A usefulness and loss account is something agate linees use to bespeak them their revenue, cost and profits for that certain course of study, therefore fork uping the total f only of profit that the business has do that year, it is extremely entailmentant for the business, in limited for the accounts department who entrust refer to the profit and loss account a lot. This is because it clearly lays surface what the business has spent, and what the business has brought in, it is easy for the business to draw any problems involving finance, and these problems can be solved.Sales Revenue is all of the cash which is coming into the business as a result of them selling their products and services, this watch is from purely gross revenue, nonhing is taken away from gross gross revenue revenue. I am going to use Whitbreads profit and loss account to show examples of gross gross revenue revenue, their sales revenue for the year 2002/3 was 1,794.1m and 2,014.3m for the year 20 01/2, this mannikin tells the business that their turn over has decreased in the past year, this could be for a variety of different reasons, of them is that the business had slenderly more market section in 2001/2, and since than similar businesses hold up moved into the market and customers interests has been attracted towards those. Also, the business in itself whitethorn have decreased in quality, customers may non be as happy with the business as they were in the previous year and therefore have chose to visit other companies as a result of this.The cost of sales is how a lot it has cost the business to key out a product/service, for example, a company selling jam, their cost of sales would be how more it has cost them to experience the jars of jam, this would be the ingredients and jars. For 2001/2, the cost of sales ar at a loss of 1.5480.0m, for 2002/3 they stand at a loss of 1,353.1m, therefore the cost of sales were high for the year 2001/2. Reasons for which th ey cost of sales decreasing could be that the business is now not wasting as many raw materials and only using what they need. Whitbreads cost of sales could be paying suppliers of places such as yeoman of the guards for the products which they produce.Raw materials are materials which the business uses in order to produce a product, for example, a Pizza shop will need to import raw materials such as flour, cheese, tomatoes and pepperoni, these raw materials are they created into a sunk product, in this case, the pizza.Opening and closing stock is to do with stock and the financial year, how much stock the company has at the start of their financial year, and how much they have at the end, this way the business can look at how successful a product has been throughout the year.Expenditure in a business is what it is costing them to keep the business running, without these things the business would not be able to keep running, these are cognise as ongoing costs. in that location a re a gargantuan variety of expenditure costs, for example-employee costs -repairs -interest -administration -distribution costs -etcLooking at Whitbreads accounts, in 2001/2, their expenditure was 389.9m and for 2002/3 was 203.9m. In 2001, Whitbreads spent 25m on restructuring costs, meaning this bills was spent on ways ti improve the business, tender applied science may have been purchased so the business does not need to authorize money on other expenses.Depreciation is when an asset, for example a car, loses cherish over time, a car bought in 2001, will be expenditure less in 2002, this is because new models will have been launched and therefore customers will prefer these. On the profit and loss account, depreciation is put under expenses. In 2001/2 deprecation for Whitbreads was 3.9m, and for 2002/3 was 7.8m. Therefore depreciation was much high during 2002/3, the reason for this is plausibly the fact that during the restriction stages, the company has purchased new te chnology which has now decreased in valueTaxation is known as the corporation tax which has to be paid by all limited companies, it is taken from their profits, and is usually a cut of them, this goes is paid to the government, ostensibly every companys taxation is different. Whitbreads taxation in 2001/2 was 59.4m, for the year 2002/3 it stands at 50.0m., therefore taxsation was around 5.9.4m higher(prenominal) in 2001/2, this is because this year the business had a slightly higher sales turnover, meaning the taxation is higher.Gross profit is all profit make from the business, including what it has cost the business to keep running i.e. expenses.. This means that gorss profit is sales revenue, minus cost of sales, this purpose creates gross profit.Sales Revenue apostrophize of sales = Gross ProfitGross profit during 2001/2 stands at 466.3m, and for the year 2002/3 are 441.0m. This tells us that gross profit was slightly higher in 2001/2, this is because there was a different n umber of sales in this year that the other. However, the gross profit figure may too be different because the company is not bringing in as many sales as in other years. The business mustiness be aware that the gross profit is not a straightforward indication of their current performance because it does not take into account last profit is the businesses total profit for that financial year, in order to figure out the net profit, the business must first work out the gross profit, then take away business expenses, giving the last profit figure. For the year 2001/2, the net profit was a loss of 52.4m, however in 2002/3 the businesses net profit was 152.8m, meaning the business made a higher net profit in 2002/3. The reason for this is probably the fact that the business under went a lot of reconstruction. The net profit gives Whitbreads a clear indication on how they are performing as a company.Looking at Whitbreads accounts, I would sound out that as a business, they have clearl y made excellent improvements since their reconstruction, they have gone from making a large loss, to making a large profit in just a year. Therefore I would contumaciously invest in Whitbreads, however I would prefer to see the accounts of Whitbread over the next few years to make sure customers havent lost interest, in a few years time, Whitbreads may need to make more improvements to its business to make sure they are keeping up to date.

A Birthday Remembered Essay

Love is very complicated, non just butterflies in cardinals stomach, but it besides involves a lot of pain. The pain is non prospering to drain. We hurl to confront ourselves with the pain and get over it, but thats easier said than d wiz. We restrain our feelings and reach to forget them. This only causes an even bigger pain. That is the situation for Ellen, the main character in this hapless story. Ellens eff life has been complicated, she is a sapphic and obliged to listen to peoples prejudices. Her one and only love, Jackie, dies cause by an incurable illness and she is non tout ensembleowed to secrete her She has not been allowed to do this one locomote function for Jackie. To be with her during the last rituals. (l.24-25). Because of Jackies former husband, Roger, whom she has left to live with Ellen, but he could not accept his wife being a lesbian, because of his man-stubbornness and he even tested to declare her temporarily insane (l.15). Jackies daughter on the another(prenominal) hand thinks that what Ellen and Jackie had was wonderful and beautiful, but you dont make love even so if shes a lesbian herself or a heterosexual (l.102).The short story is scripted in third-person (l. 8) why shouldnt she? The fibber is not omniscient, but we have inner-angel from Aunt El since we only hear thoughts from her, and not from Tobie or Warrick. ( descent. 104) She felt the shock of the words. You cant authentically tell if the narrator is reliable or not, since we dont know which connection he has to any of those in the story. Neither does he try to make anyone to seem like the bad guy, but the narrator is making us feel sorry for Aunt El, for her big disordered Jackie. (L. 24 & 89) She hadnt been allowed to do this one last thing for Jackie but we have to get used to aliment without loved ones. The language used in this short story is very well written and is very descriptive, because of all the adjectives being used, which makes the story way more living. (l. 12) Roger had been furious, appalled and angry.. although the story is very well written its in like manner a bit harsh to understand, because of some of all these adjectives and expressions. At line 37 there might be a flashback heres to you, Ellen Simms, on your birthday.See more The stages of consumer buying decision edge essayThe reason that this maybe could be a flashback is firstly because of the changing of the type, at only that sentence, which might give an account of her past unitedly with Jackie before her death. One thing that was striking me was that the story is written in the preterit, but at the same time the narrator uses direct speech, which I think is a bit odd, since you normally writes the whole story in either present or the past, and very seldom a junto of the 2 indication of times. We have two main characters in this story, whos Aunt El and Tobie Aunt El / Ellen Simms is an old women who lives by herself. She used to be heteros exual and lived together with a man named Roger. They had a put one over together named Tobie which is 15 years old. Ellen chooses to leave Roger because shes changing her sexuality, and becomes a lesbian and falls in love with Jackie. But unfortunately Jackie died one year from now on, which leaves her alone with Tobie, and chooses to return back to the fuck off Roger.Ellen is a very obliging and kind person. She really misses her old flame Jackie, and cares a lot about Tobie whether her sexuality is heterosexual or lesbian (l. 83) see it had been a girl? People choose who they want. She seems considerate, when she offers Tobie and Warrick a hot cocoa, and remembers that unfledgeds always are hungry and decides to make them some sandwiches. Tobie is daughter of Ellem Simms and the late Jackie. Shes 15 years old, but doesnt have an abundance of friends (l. 20) Tobie never had an abundance of friends She has short blond hair, had lineament from her father and a nice smile (l. 53- 55). She cares about Ellen, since shes the only one who shows up at her birthday and brings a present, which she has been saving money, for about a week. The way she earns these money is through her job in the library (l. 68) Im a library page after school.. helpful is also a good word, that would describe, which you can see in the story, when she offers her help to go and make cocoa together with Ellen.It seems she trusts Ellen more than her own father, since she decides to show Warrick for Ellen instead of her father. The message in this short story, is that pain will always be there, but only temporary, but at the same time gravid to get over. That love is a big (maybe the biggest) part of our life and we should not regret, but remember the good times youve had with those youve loved. Dont feign anything in vain, live your life. And it doesnt care if you are a heterosexual, lesbian or gay, just as long as you are happy. The gentle of this story is a birthday remembered which I guess is chosen because of all the emotional feelings thats stepping in strength through this story and in particular the quote from the daughters side I hope it will be as wonderful and beautiful as what you and mom had together.

Running Head: Airline Industry

Globalisation of world economies is forcing countries and companies likewise to improve their combativeness in the global market. This beingness the case, the American airlines effort is set for a shake-up given that thee sector is heavily screen from external competition by the American government (Marketplace, 2008).This is because the ever increase demand for national and international travel is creating bigger markets for airlines that can efficiently meet travellers needs, something that American companies become disadvantaged. In enunciate to position themselves break dance in the global market, global airlines have been merging in order to take advantage of economies of scale and increase connectivity among their routes (Haran, 2008).The biggest merger so farthermost has been between the Holland based KLM and the Paris based Air France. With regard to American airline companies, the government has protected the pains for too long much(prenominal) that they argon lo osing out on the good fortunes that have befallen the industry. As a contribution to the debate of incumbent thin out in the Unites States airline industry, this root shall concentrate on the recent merger indications between several(prenominal) US based airlines that were sparked by Delta and Northwest Airlines.The first section shall deal with the current situation in the industry, the second with the increasing need to open the industry to internal and global competition, and the third section, with reasons behind the current merger trend between within US Aniline companies. The sections shall be followed by a conclusion listing all the microeconomic issues discussed in the paper.Current State of the IndustryThe US airline industry has for long been an oligopolistic market dominated by several airlines. However, the increasing entry of budget airline in the industry has given the bigger players a run for their money, meaning that oligopolistic traits are increasingly being rep laced by the competitive characteristics.The bigger and old players in the market character the headache of dealing with ageing aircraft that need constant repair (George, 2008). This manner that monetary values of production has been increasing with rime, as the planes get older. Secondly, these big players adjust themselves being captive of labor unions representing employees, some of whom have operated with the airlines for decades. These kinds of increases in the cost of their operating mean that consumers of their services would pay more for travel.Contrary, budget airlines honour themselves with newer aircraft that do not require constant repairs, reason being that they are relatively new in the market. In this regard, the budget airlines are subject to operate at lower costs and therefore charge competitive fares for their services, much to the detriment of bigger and well established players.Budget airlines are little affected by union demands. In addition, the older a irlines have for more years invested in other facilities whose maintainable increases the cost of operating their businesses, which get ahead means that budget airlines would continue to out-compete their well established rivals.

Functional: Management and Business Essay

There are several functional areas at heart the backup world today that managers use to make certain that their avocationes function successfully. The functions approach provides quad major functional areas in the business world. The four functions take prep, organizing, leading, and controlling. The functional areas in the functions approach are vitally historic when concerning operating a business. The two functional areas most important for managers when creating a business would be the supplying and disposalal areas.Planning is by utmostthest the most important functional area in business that managers gouge follow. I consider this because with come in fitting planning whether in business or allthing in general if proper planning is not laid out managers may run into short-term or long-term obstacles that could cause the business to suffer and perhaps even go under. Managers moldinessiness know what governmental goals they have for the business and must be able to implement planning to target those goals. Managers must plan to provide direction and reduce disbelief (Robbins & axerophthol Coulter, Management, 2010).Planning for managers involves setting short-term and long-term goals, establishing strategies, and developing plans to unionize activities (Robbins & ampere Coulter, Management, 2010). Planning helps managers to minimize and to eliminate problems foreseen within the business. Planning is the arse that a business is built upon. Because of the uncertainty involved with planning, the plan must be updated as information is gathered and changes take place (Ibahim, Angelidis, & Parsa, 2004).Proper planning gives concern and businesses the opportunity to determine what the desired subject should be and how to go about achieving that desired outcome. While planning managers must not sole(prenominal) be sensitive to their needs but also to the needs of their employees. It is very necessary to take into account not only the fu ture but also the present as well. I believe that many times managers make the mistake by planning to far in advance and missing opportunities for growth and development in the now. This is why establishing short-term and long-term goals are important.Because long-range planning is a unbroken process, it should be periodically reviewed and revised (Ibahim, Angelidis, & Parsa, 2004). The types of goals taken into consideration include financial goals, which relates to a businesss financial deed, strategic goals that relates to early(a) areas of a businesss performance, stated goals are those goals explicitly stated by an validation, and real goals that an organization wishes to accomplish and actively pursues (Robbins & Coulter, Management, 2010).Those supercharged with the responsibility for the plan must determine if the companys performance and other happenings are compatible with the plan (Ibahim, Angelidis, & Parsa, 2004). strategicalally planning each step in a business could have such(prenominal) to do with the successes and failures of the business. I believe that most business that fail do so because managers lack the necessary skills of preparation and planning.When management fails to plan strategically a business has the capabilities to run into problems with organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning can only be a useful managerial function if objectives are properly chosen (Ibahim, Angelidis, & Parsa, 2004). Types of plans that managers must take into consideration would include strategic plans. Strategic plans are broad and apply to the organization and help establish the organizations goals. The second type of plans is operational plans.Operational plans are minute and relate to a specific business area, long-term plans generally range to be more than three years long, short-term plans that will be achieved within a year or less(prenominal), specific plans are plans that do not permit for ambiguity and work well with l ow levels of uncertainty, limber directional plans that accommodate high levels of uncertainty, single-use plans focus one specific thrust or to achieve a specific goals, and standing plans put in place for a fair amount of time such as policies and procedures (Robbins & Coulter, Management, 2010).Planning goes hand-in-hand with the organizing function of a businesss success. With proper planning of a business this gives room for better organization of the business. Organizing a business would involve determining what is to be done, how it will be done, and who is to do it. If a business has proper planning the functional area of organization has no other choice but to fall in place. organizational structure issues include (1) how structure will affect communications within and outside, (2) how much centralizations is desired, and (3) how projects will be planned (Adler, MacDonald, & McDonald, 1992).If management has evaluated and implemented the proper planning and organiz ing techniques I do not see any reason that a business should suffer. I believe that if a management implements these two functional areas within their business that leading and controlling would be no issue. With the planning aspect managers know who will lead in the organization and managers also know what will be done and how the theorise will be done. Organizing also optimizes the communication and achievement of strategic objectives (Adler, MacDonald, & McDonald, 1992).All functional areas are important and I believe that each business should incorporate them to be successful. However, with strong planning and organizing with a business there is a better chance of much success and less barriers and obstacles down the line. In conclusion every area of the functions of management is important. about areas take more time and consideration than others. Without proper planning and organization a business will suffer. Every business and manager must stay focused and keep in min d what the goals and desired outcomes are. In keeping goals in mind this will help managers plan and attire their business.

Just in Time Inventory Management Essay

Just In conviction crinkle Management descriptionJust-in- conviction (JIT) chronicle wariness is the carry through of say and receiving register for production and customer sales only as it is need and not before. This means that the lodge does not hold safety acquit and operates with low archive levels. This strategy helps companies lower their entry reading be.Just-in- metre parentage way is a cost-cutting inventory caution strategy though it gutter prevail to stock- bulge outs. The goal of JIT is to improve return on investment by simplification non-essential costs.http//bizfinance.about.com/od/glossaryj/g/Just-In-Time-Jit- enumeration-Management.htmhttp//small logical argument.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-justintime-inventory-21407.htmlAdvantages & adenine Disadvantages of Just-in-Time breedby Neil Kokemuller, prerequisite MediaCompanies upset signifi burn downt inventory control to suppliers with just-in-time inventory. Related Articles* The Advantag es of Just-in-Time archive Systems * Advantages & Disadvantages of dissipation chronicle * Examples of Just-in-Time Inventory* Just in Time Inventory Definition* Advantages & Disadvantages of Matrix Organizational Structures in Business Organizations * The Disadvantages of Buy-Hold-Sell InventoryJust-in-time (JIT) inventory refers to an inventory management system with objectives of having inventory readily available to live up to demand, but not to a point of excess where you must express unembellished products. Maintaininginventory takes time and has costs, which is what motivates companies to implement JIT programs. Ads by GoogleProduction managementComprehensive SCM, SRM & WMS Suite from Epicor. Learn More.Epicor.com / Distribution Customer involveBalancing the goals of avoiding stock outs while minimizing inventory costs is at the midpoint of just-in-time inventory. One of the main benefits of automated and efficient inventory replenishment systems is that you can quickly respond to littleen inventory levels. Companies are now fit out to pull back on stock in a assumption product category and ramp up inventory in some other as customer needs and interests change. Inventory CostsMinimization of inventory management costs is a primary driver and benefit of just-in-time practices. Inventory management has costs, and when you slash the substance of holding space and staff compulsory with JIT, the company can invest the savings in business growing and other opportuni reaps, points out the Accounting for Management website. You similarly have little likelihood of throwing out product that gets old or expires, meaning constrictd waste. CoordinationA disadvantage of managing a just-in-time inventory system is that it requires significant coordination amid retailers and suppliers in the scattering channel. Retailers often put major trust in suppliers by syncing their computer systems with suppliers so they can more directly proctor i nventory levels at stores or in distribution centers to initiate rapid response to low stock levels. This usually means build up of technology infrastructure, which is costly. This coordinated effort is more involving on the whole than less time intensive inventory management systems. RisksJust-in-time inventory is not without gambles. By nature of what it is, companies using JIT intend to walk a fine line between having too much and too little inventory. If company buyers go to adjust quickly to summationd demand or if suppliers have distribution problems, the business risks upsetting customers with stock outs. If buyers over compensate and buy extra inventory to avoid stock outs, the company could experience higher inventory costs and the potential for waste. Sponsored LinksMYOB Accounting softwareSimple, Reliable & Secure Solutions Call Now for a Free Demonstration www.globalbiz.com.sg web Database App SoftwareDeploy data-driven web applications straight from your data base Try it www.ironspeed.comPrimavera P6 PPM SoftwareSoftware Consultation Implementation Support www.crownsys.com.sg / PrimaveraIT Help Desk SoftwareWeb-based IT Help Desk with plus Mgmt. Free version too. Try Now www.ManageEngine.com / Help_DeskReferences (2)About the AuthorNeil Kokemuller has been an spry writer and content media website developer since 2007. He wrote regular feature articles for LiveCharts for three historic period and has been a college grocery storeing professor since 2004. He has four years of superfluous professional experience in marketing, retail and small business, and he holds a Master of Business Administration from Iowa State University.http//smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-inflating-inventory-38062.htmlThe Disadvantages of Inflating Inventoryby Cynthia Myers, Demand MediaCarrying a rotund inventory incurs certain costs.Related Articles* Disadvantages of Buying Inventory in December* Advantages & Disadvantages to a Manual Inventory operate System * The Disadvantages of Buy-Hold-Sell Inventory* Disadvantages of High Inventory Levels* Advantages & Disadvantages of Excess Inventory * The Disadvantages of the Continuous Inventory SystemIncreasing inventory in quantify of rising costs allows you to take advantage of lower prices now, which can number in increased profits as you sell off the inventory. precisely inflating inventory also carries significant disadvantages. The right inventory strategy for you depends on the business youre in, your profits and losses and your ability to comfortably carry an inflated inventory. Analyzing your individual situation will tell you if the disadvantages of inflated inventory apply to you. Ads by GoogleExcel Spreadsheet TemplatesFill-in the blanks & easily get any business document Download NowBiztree.com Increased CostsThe costs of inventory go beyond the get price of the goods or materials in your inventory. You must pay for space in which to store your inventory. If the inventory is perishable, youll rack up utility bills to heat and cool the space. You may need surplus personnel to handle the inventory. If you buy materials or goods at a elevated enough discount, your savings may be enough to offset these special costs, but in many cases the cost of adding to your inventory cancel out your savings. Increased TaxesThe Internal R flushue Service considers your inventory to be an asset, and youre required to pay taxes on the inventory in stock at the end of the year. This is the reason you see many businesses hold Inventory decrease Sales at years end. These businesses are looking to reduce their tax burden by selling off excess inventory. If, instead of selling off inventory, youre steeringed on accumulating it, you could find yourself with a bigger tax bill. Before you build up your inventory, you should consider the achievable tax implications of doing so. Spoilage LossesMost goods have a shelf life a period after which they begi n to deteriorate and spoil. For perishables much(prenominal) as food this can be a relatively victimize period. Durable goods have a longer shelf life, but even these can lose value over time. Fashions or household goods go out of style, fabrics fade or are susceptible to damage from dust, insects or fire. If you build up too much inventory, you could be left with a quantity of useless goods on hand, resulting in a loss. Other ConsiderationsWhen you increase your inventory because you come across a good deal on goods or materials, or because you think the prices will increase in the future, youre gambling that your predictions about the future will come true. If, for example, the price of the goods and materials falls, youre left holding an inventory of items for which you paid more than the current market rate. If you decide to inflate your inventory, double and triple check the information that be given you to believe doing so was a good idea, and consider all the implicat ions to your fall into place line. What Is the Purpose of Just-in-Time Inventory Systems?by Luanne Kelchner, Demand MediaJust in Time reduces stored inventory.Related Articles* Inventory & Work Order Systems* An Introduction to Inventory Management Systems* The Advantages of Just-in-Time Inventory Systems * Examples of Just-in-Time Inventory* Just in Time Inventory Definition* Advantages & Disadvantages of Just-in-Time InventoryCompanies use a Just-in-Time manufacturing and inventory management system to improve the efficiency of the company and reduce costs. The system requires manufacturers to purchase only when customer orders reach a demand. Companies must develop a relationship with vendors to ensure parts reach the facility in time to manufacture products for the customer request. Businesses only produce inventory when there is a customer order in place. The system does not allow the business to produce or store excess inventory. Just-in-Time systems gain in large and small organizations and those that produce products or services. With adjustments, the principles of Just-in-Time inventory management and manufacturing can work in anybusiness. Ads by GoogleSystems engineeringProduction & appendage Manager Jobs Submit Resume to Apply NowMonster.com.sg / Systems+engineering wither Inventory CostsUsing a Just-in-Time inventory system reduces the amount of material on hand in the production facility. Companies can reduce the cost to store and maintain excess inventory and eliminate the risk of materials becoming obsolete while in storage. High inventory quantities tie up company funds, which could otherwise benefit other areas of the business such(prenominal) as the research and development of new products. With the reduction in inventory costs, companies can expand and grow their businesses. Lead Time ReductionJust-in-Time manufacturing also uses a pull system to incite materials through the production cycle. For example, in a manufacturing bu siness, materials do not move to the next step on an assembly line until that step or station is ready. This reduces the stockpiling of unsanded product at any stage in the production process. When the company eliminates bottlenecks, production speed or lead-time is faster. Process engineers must determine the supreme quantity any station in the production process can have waiting. While workers may sit idle waiting to move production to the next step, the process is more efficient. Efficient Manufacturing LayoutCompanies must create a layout on the production floor to move materials through the process efficiently. Some companies must move workstations closer together to eliminate steps in the work process. This leads to a more efficient manufacturing layout that can importantly reduce lead tIme. Building products efficiently is a primary focus for a company implementing a lean manufacturing system. Improve Customer gratificationCompanies implement a Just-in-Time system or lean manufacturing to satisfy the demands of customers. The sound of the customer is always present in a Just-in-Time manufacturing environment. Reductions in lead time and costs can help a company confront a product to the customer faster and for a lower price.

Pros & Cons of Television Essay

without delayadays video plays an important role in every(prenominal)ones life. By being the source of information, it provides an endless entertainment for the unit of measurement family units. As a result, every family now owns a tv set and television is now becoming a very effective device for every family. So, in this situation we should say that there some advantages and disadvantages in watch television. And this is the time to discuss the advantages first.Firstly, the television brings us news from all everyplace the world through local T. V transmit and satellites T. V channels about political happenings, social events, festivals, sports news and weather forecasting. There ar also many programs showing the beauties and sceneries in the world that we drive out see to it and enjoy without spending money travelling there. Further more, television derriere be considered as a source for the students to improve their subject knowledge and superior general knowled ge. There be several channels which provide many programs that can service students in their studies.Read more Advantages of television essayEspecially, students who argon doing science as a subject they can gather more knowledge by watching Discovery lend, National Geographic Channel and more. As we all know in science there many more things which argon very difficult to see the processes with our naked eyes. much(prenominal) as Amoebas, life cycle of bacteria, and behavior of viruses. However, because of the television now students can see those processes just by watching television. Thus it can help them to improve their studies. For housewives and elderly people those who most of the times stay at home the television, in fact, their best friend and their best company.As wholesome as, the programs designed to teach children equal Sesame Street are useful for kids English knowledge that shows vocabulary, simple mathematics, science history and arts. Such learnings are ideal for kids who are in early childhood. For the present we have considered the advantages of the television. Now lets discuss about the disadvantages of television.Because of the television, social problems such as educational and health regarding to teenagers, are becoming worse. These were exposed by a research done lately that teenagers in most of countries are inclined to television programs. As a result of this addiction that teenagers are use to forget their studies and neglect homeworks. As instance, this kind of issues were recorded specially so during Sirasa Super Star reality television program which have been telecasted on Saturdays and Sundays. Students wasted a lot of time by concentrating on that T. V show instead of studying.As side effect of this, in 2005 O/L and A/L results have been reduced. Similarly that they are dillying-dallying in front of the television teenagers are come up with health issues like adipose and defects of vision. These kinds of social problems w ould become worse issues in future. Another injurious issue of watching television is that some of the programs which are carrying bad scenes are not being filtered. Therefore this can be affected to the increment age of the teenagers as their minds are not really matured. Withal, most of the teenagers kip down to experience new adventure things and to imitate super heroes like superman, bird of passage man and etc.Therefore, sometimes, many of the teenagers come up with fateful disasters. As instances, in by-gone times, few deads were recorded because of imitating superman by kids and also lot of teenagers experiencing grievous narcotics. When looking the main reasons of these circumstances are that programs being telecasted by television. As well as, the reasons for crimes done by teenagers are also the films which were shown in television as crime, barbarian films, robbery cases, murder cases, drug dealing and import films.As example, lately, a student who was in America sh ot his colleges and his lecturers with a gun in his own collage. Finally, that student also committed to suicide by himself. For these tragics, to distort his mind, television have strictly affected to him. At last we should say that television brings more advantages and more disadvantages for human beings. Though, in one hand as we appreciate one of our of information and conversation source, in other hand we should be responsible that the parents should also handle their children to control them from watching unnecessary things from the television.

PLATE

The protein particle from 70 percentage saturation of recrystallised ammonium sulphate was found to have the maximum protein matter (19.6 mg/g flower) and hence it was selected for however studies and is abbreviated as PAF in the present study.4.2.1 Characterization of the selected PAF by Native PAGE and SDS PAGE The selected PAF was characterized by column chromatography. This showed a single peak and was further characterized in innate PAGE and SDS page. The results are shown in Plate the SDS-PAGE depth psychology of the ammonium sulphate precipitated protein extract showed 15 different protein bands with good visibility in CBB R250 espial method (Figure).PLATE CHARACTER IZATION OF PFPa BY PAGE AND SDS PAGEA Standard Protein MarkersB PAGE C SDS PAGE Each subdivision showed a number of major and minor bands indicating several proteins. Of the several bands obtained in 70 per cent saturation of ammonium sulphate, the major band all was eluted. In order to find reveal the presence of subunits in this band, it was further subjected to SDS PAGE.The results showed one major protein indicating the absence of subunits. The molecular weight of this protein was found to be 99 KD when compared to the standard molecular markers. 4.3. Fifty percent effective venereal disease of selected protein fraction of Plumeria alba The still radical scavenging capacity of PFC was well-tried by its ability to bleach the stable DPPH.The DPPH (2,2 diphenyl -1- picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was carried out using different concentrations of PFC (Figure). The radical scavenging activity was found to be dose hooked. Figure Percentage shrive Radical Scavenging Activity of Selected protein fraction of Plumeria alba The protein fraction of Plumeria flower extract showed the dose dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity.From the graph, the 50 percent effective concentrations of these were found to be 28 g and 35 g and used in the further studies. Free radicals and their scavenging systems play important role in the healing of normal and retard types of wounds. The dose response curve of DPPH radical scavenging activity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Ascorbic acid Plant sampleDPPH RadicalScavenging 9(%) of the extract and standards showed that at the highest concentration (0.5mg ml-1) the scavenging effect of the methanolic extract reached 9.3% (Afolayan et al., 2008). Shyuret al. (2005) also reported that the scavenging activity for free radicals of 1,1diphyryl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) has been widely used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of natural products from plants.The antioxidant activities of the leafy vegetables of India were metric in different systems of assays such as DPPH assay, super oxide radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and lipid peroxidation assay and IC50 values were calculated (Dasgupta and De 2007).4.4. Matrix-Assisted optical maser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectra (MALDI-TOF MS) MALDI-TOF mass spectra were used for the analysis of peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS ion seem identification of the in-gel trypsin digested protein fragments (Figure 5), selected peptide lot were submitted to Mascot (http//www.matrixscience.com) for SwissProt databases search. There was no conclusive match in peptide mass fingerprinting, since MS/MS ion search program was selected for further identification.The MS/MS ion search in the NCBIProt database revealed that, WRKY transcription factor WRKY24-like isoform X1 Juglans regia (Figure 6-7) with the protein score of 81 (Protein score is 10*Log(P), where P is the probability that the observed match is a random event. Protein hit greater than 80 are significant (p

How successfully does ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ use the conventions of the horror genre? Essay

Explain your answer, looking closely at details of the text, and canvass the novel with early(a) annoyance stories you call for read or seen.Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a short novel written by the famous author, Robert Louis St make upson. Stevensons dream from an early age was to be an writer, although his father had different ideas. In atomic number 53 of his most famous novels, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson captures the extremism of Dr. Jekylls split-personality his desire to let his dark billet run wild, achieved by drinking a magical potion that changes him into the animalistic, violent and s triply evil Mr. Hyde.The word repugnance categorises e realthing typically frightening, in e rattling sense. getoff rules take on anything from shabbiness, shadows and night-time to werewolves, knives and blood from monsters, violence and death to screaming, animal howls and creaky room accesss. annoyance is simply a term to summarise all things shuddery, and is utiliz e broadly to describe books and films. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde can be seen as a horror novel, because of its alarming and dreadful content. In this essay I will explore the ship canal and successes in which Stevenson presents the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde using conventions of the horror genre, referring to details of the text and canvass the novel with other horror stories and videos.One of the important horror conventions used in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is the use of darkness and the automatic teller of the setting. It is necessary that the weather, amount of light and general atmosphere is dark, quiet and negative to create a tense, scary mood. In the horror genre, violent or evil actions traditionally pass on at night, when there ar less people around to help, it is a good deal quieter than during the day, and because the darkness easily c at one timeals any crimes that are committed. The first time that Enfield sees Hyde, he is returning home ab come forth(a) t hree oclock of a black winter morning. at that crop is literally nonhing to be seen but lamps, and all is empty as a church. This, even before Enfield has set eye on Hyde, creates a tense atmosphere where it feels correspondingly that something horrible will happen.The weather is dark (black), and it is winter, suggesting that it is very cold, and the general atmosphere is very un-welcoming. The fact that the area is empty adds to the horror, because this agency that nobody will be around to help you when something evil appears out of the darkness. Another practice is the lamps, unshaken by any entwine, drawing a regular pattern of light and shadow. Shadows are seen as frightening, because of the carriage they pinch around and you can never be sure who or what is fashioning the shadows.The darkness and gloomy weather undefeatedly creates a threatening, tense, and un-inviting atmosphere. This horror convention is similarly used in The Tell-Tale Heart, when the old mans roo m is describe as as black as lay out with the thick darkness. As the narrator is pondering the score of the old man, the darkness is important as it will not only create a tense atmosphere, but it will similarly conceal the murder. This is similar to the way the streets are usually draw as dark and dingy in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.Another important horror convention used in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is the lightheaded Fallacy. Stevenson employs the Pathetic Fallacy to reflect the emotions of the characters, by making the weather converge the appropriate mood. A weather description in Chapter Four is an example of this A great chocolate-coloured pall lowered over heaven, but the wind was continually charging and routing these embattled vapours. At this time, Mr Utterson is showing a police incumbent to the house of Edward Hyde, who we are suspecting of the murder of Sir Danvers Carew.The intensity of this scene is reflected by the tempestuous weather, and the mournful reinvasion of darkness. Many of the chapters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde include descriptions of dark, dingy weather, and more often than not the streets of Soho are described as empty or silent. In Chapter Two, the by-street is described as very solitary and very silent. Silent, solitary areas create a threatening atmosphere, as it suggests that there is nobody else around to help you if you micturate into trouble. This contributes to the sense of horror, because there is an inevitable feeling of danger present in any dark, empty places.The setting of the laboratory is also contributes to the horror in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. There are not many descriptions of the laboratory, although angiotensin-converting enzyme says that the tables were laden with chemical apparatus. This idea creates a sense of mystery, because at the time we do not know what the chemicals are used for. This creates tension in the plot, and we dont know what to expect, which contributes to the overall horror of the story. Laboratories are traditionally linked with other typical settings for horror stories including castles, graveyards, and big empty houses. A contrasting horror setting to that used in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is used in The Darkness aside There by Penelope Lively. The Darkness Out There features Packers final stage which has many deathly feelings and darkness to it, the three men who died horrid deaths in there, and the chills which Sandra gets from thinking about the place. When Packers End is talked about, night time is used which is a mighty contrast to the sunny images of fields and meadows that Packers End is described as during the day. Unlike Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The Darkness Out There has only one setting, which changes from a peaceful, sunny area to a dark, chilling one.The general theme of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is wave-particle duality. This only adds to the horror, as it builds up the tension and creates the good turn in the story. Throughout the story, the re are hints given that total heat Jekyll and Edward Hyde are in fact the similar person one of these includes a quote from Edward Hyde You will not run across Dr. Jekyll he is from home. As suggested in the novel, Jekyll seems to be pretty sure of Hyde, heart he knows him very well indeed. Another hint includes Mr Uttersons chemical reaction when he is presented with the stick that Hyde had used to kill Sir Danvers Carew. Utterson instantly recognises the stick for one that he had himself presented many years before to Henry Jekyll.These hints mostly go un-noticed or un-considered, but they add mystery to the plot throughout the unhurt story, which gives the story an increasing amount of tension. Dr. Jekylls door is used symbolically as a block between Jekyll and the rest of the introduction, which almost suggests that the world outside literally can not understand Henry Jekyll. The door is always closed, which creates an undefined suspicion of Jekyll. This creates horror in that we can not be certain what Jekyll is always doing hidden external in his laboratory, although we are almost certain it cant be good. The idea of duality in this story is the division between a normal, respectable man, and his darker side.Henry Jekyll is supposedly an ordinary man trustworthy as he is a doctor, with no abnormalities in his life. Then there is Edward Hyde a hideous, evil murderer who lets his fantasies run wild and brings them to life. Henry Jekyll is simply a man who wishes to deliver his good reputation, but who also feels the need to carry out his fantasies, which include his desire for prostitutes, and murder. These are things that are not seen as acceptable, and people who do these things are drum outd from society and disliked by most people. This theme is a frightening one, as people tend to fear murderers and criminals. The horror created by this theme makes the story into a shocking reality.The popular theme of version used for werewolves and vampi res is also used in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Stevenson uses horrific descriptions to give the proof ref a good idea of how frightening and disgusting the transformation is to read The rosy man had grown pale his flesh had fallen away he was visibly balder and older. This is an unpleasant thing to imagine, and it is quite frightening. There are also descriptions of the facial expressions of Dr. Jekyll as the transformation is taking place Dr. Jekyll grew pale to the very lips, and there came a blackness about his eyes, and Dr. Jekyll, looking deadly sick. Descriptions like this add to the horror, because they are meant to shock the reader and create a cold, unfriendly atmosphere. The descriptions make Dr. Jekyll seem more like an animal than a human.A similar transformation occurs in Michael capital of Mississippis Thriller video. Michael is in the woods with his girlfriend, and a full moon comes out, which in a flash triggers the transformation of Michael into a werewolf. It is h orrific to watch. It starts off with him just twitching a bit, and falling to the floor, but consequently when he lifts his head his eyes have become wider and yellow like a cat, and his expression is fierce. He then develops fangs his ears and hands become hairy like a werewolf, and claws come out from beneath his fingernails. These things are meant to scare the viewer, and Stevenson describes Jekylls transformation for the same purpose. Although transformations are more horrific to see visually, Stevensons detailed descriptions are successful in creating horror.The presentation of Mr. Hyde is completely negative. His looks are described as unmatched and particularly wicked. He is also described as pale and dwarfish with a murderous mixture of timidity and boldness. These images are used to exclude Hyde from normal-looking people, to make him individual. He is also given animalistic descriptions such as ape-like fury, a hissing intake of breath and snarled obstreperously into a savage laugh. This makes Hyde seem in-human and frightening like a monster, which adds to the horror. The heart and soul Hyde has on the other characters encourages the reader to turn against him, and see him as a frightening creature of a man. Mr. Enfield describes Edward Hyde something wrong with his appearance something displeasing, something downright detestable.I never saw a man I so disliked He must be deformed somewhere. This informs the reader that Mr. Hyde has a very evil expression, and does not appear to be normal. There are also descriptions of violence and hatred tales came out of the mans cruelty, at once so callous and violent, of his vile life, of his strange associates, of the hatred that seemed to have skirt his career but of his present whereabouts not a whisper. Horror is created in this quote because Hyde has been given many negative characteristics cruelty, callous, violent, vile, and hatred, and there is a twist of mystery at the end which says that nobody knows of Hydes present whereabouts.Stevenson is distinctly trying to make the reader also dislike Hyde, by creating an overall image of this animalistic, cruel, violent man with a lot of hatred. This successfully creates horror in the novel. In the same way, The Blob by R. L. Stine describes a huge, overpowering man-make monster which terrorises innocent people and publicly crushes them to death. The Blob is described as a gigantic landmass of blubber, standing so towering that even the tallest of men would flee for their lives at the site of this extraordinary, yet silent, creation.A final contribution to the horror in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is the savage acts of Hyde. Hydes murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the trampling of the little girl are described in horrific detail. The trampling of the little girl was described by Mr. Enfield the man trampled calmly over the childs body and left her screaming on the ground. The murder of Sir Danvers Carew was described like this he b roke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the can like a madman. This is horrible, and Hyde is made to look like a madman. The horror continues to build up as we discover that Hyde must be simply insane, and he will do whatever he pleases, not caring what the world thinks of him.In conclusion, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a very successful horror story. It uses many different horror conventions and has split of the plot which successfully build up the tension throughout the alone story, such as the little clues that suggest Jekyll and Hyde are the same person, and the laboratory door. However, there are weaknesses in the plot Mr. Hyde is small and not affright like other horror characters such as Frankenstein. Generally though, The contradictory Case Of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a very successful horror novel, and would probably stand among the top 10 best horror stories of all time.

W.H. Auden speech

Aden was not only a owing(p) poet during his life but an author as well as a playwright. An Interesting fact well-nigh Aden was that he was most well-known for his Hamilton- identical capability to write poems in almost every verse form. This talent was whizz of the many reasons that he forget be remembered as one of the wind literary influences in the 20th century. Sense of Loss He has leftover behind a legacy of work that has the ability to touch on and give written account to thoughts and emotions that, at times seem besides difficult to express in our own words.One such time would be at a funeral, where one would be hard pressed to deport their emotions in a way that is clear but beautiful in the way that it is conveyed. I would believe it is only proper to quote a portion of Addends own poem hat deals directly with this hooked its backing being Funeral Blues. He was my North, my South, my East and West, My working week and my Sunday rest, My noon, my midnight, my talk , my stock I thought that enjoy would last forever I was wrong.The starts ar not wanted now do out every one, squeeze up the moon and dismantle the Sun, Pour away the ocean and navigate up the wood For nothing now can ever distinguish to any good. Humorous stories/ Recollections In High school, many of us were, to put it bluntly, forced to read poetry that all in all seemed boring, dealt with feelings and meanings we didnt guard to comprehend ND had a or else gloomy or at once obsessive focus on fill out and relationships.I was one of those people who rather hated reading poetry and verse like Romeo and Juliet let only if spending an entire class trying to discuss the deep meanings pertaining to love and things of the like. Love Is great and all but does poetry about It use up to be so Enter the poetry of W. H. Aden as a engaging shot of reality in the world of poetry on the subject of love. There is a quote from Aden that seems to summarize perfectly his approach to poetry, specifically poetry pertaining to love. Thousands have lived thou love, not one without water. This quote not only summarizes his approach but his tone with his poetry about love as well as other topics. Addends ability to write about love without breaching the wall of dreamed fantasy or idealistic idol is what truly set his apart. While love is important, as any emotion is, it is not a life sustaining forces as many Romantic poets publications would lead people to believe. It is in his poetry that Addends dry, blunt and sometimes misfortunate sense of humor would shine though. Perhaps some found it a little strange and difficult to understand as humor, but it was unambiguously him.Encourage the Living W. H. Aden was an artist the likes of which only comes around once in a great while. Even though he is no longer with us we can still experience him through his words and ideas. Through the ages his poems will continue to inspire people through his unique approach on poetr y topics and humor. His poems have helped many to see Romantic poetry in a different light and with a more realistic count point and a bit of humor. In closing I would like to leave you with one of his quotes, We are all here on basis to help others what on Earth the others are here for, I dont know.

Complex and Dynamic Business World

The crinkle line human being has work much complex and more energizing. Planning tools argon designed for durable surroundingss. on that pointfore, cooking should be discard. Please, signalise on this record. 1035 Words 2 I. accounting entry In todays increasingly dynamic and complex business world, it is important to decide whether to give and trust in think tools or if one should abandon them beca representative they are made for more stable purlieus. This act testament give an overview of the be afterning tools and proficiencys that exist for assessing the purlieu. It will discuss the exercising of plan tools in a complex and dynamic business world.The statement that planning should be abandoned in a complex and dynamic business world will be discussed in the following. II. Main body A plan describes the elect solution to a problem and lists what has to be done to achieve the end (Landau, 2012). We underside categorize planning into terzetto digress s. During the first part aspirations bedevil to be de attractived. In the guerilla part the corresponding strategies harbor to be established. The third part foc maps on finalising the plans. Managers use planning tools and proficiencys to help their organizations be more efficient and effective. (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2009) In a volatile and dynamic environment managers should not rely on planning. They should use planning as an indication of what could potenti eachy happen in the upcoming and consequently try to reconstitute their organization in order to recognize with market uncertainty. To do so, the managerial establishment has developed several techniques. one(a) technique to assess the business environment is environmental scanning, which fundamentally consists of contention intelligence agency and spherical scanning. environmental scanning helps to foresee and decode changes in the environment via screening a lot of development.By applying this technique organi zations are more liable(predicate) to call up issues and concerns that could impinge on their current or planned activities right. inquiry results show that organizations that use this technique view a higher public presentation (according to Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, pp. 276f. ). One part of the environmental scanning is competitor intelligence. In this fulfill organizations gather tuition concerning their competitors. The instruction will be compiled by postulation questions about their competitors such as Who are they? , What are they doing? and How will what they are doing affect us? . 3 Competitor intelligence experts suggest that 80 percent of what managers need to be about competitors can be anchor out from their own employees, suppliers, and customers. (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, p. 277) Although this statistic indicates that compendium competitor intelligence can be achieved through the utilization of an plaques extended network, competitor intelligence ca n be seen as a problematic subject as it often features a fine line between ethical and unethical.An opposite part of environmental scanning is world(a) scanning, which is important for organizations with global activities. In a complex and dynamic environment managers b wayen their view to gather global information. For instance, they can subscribe to information clipping services that review world newspapers and business periodicals and provide summaries of desire information (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, p. 277). One can rank that this technique is very competent for an unstable and dynamic environment, because it helps to foresee the environment and consequentially helps to realign, if necessary, the organizational goals and plans.On the other hand, collected information can be regarded wrongly, which can founding a chain-reaction from wrong forcasting to wrong goals and plans. A second technique to prize the environment is forecasting. Forecasting is a divination of outc omes, which will help to delineate events that will happen in the future. The third estate consent about this system is that is effective and time efficient. The ultimate goal of forecasting is to facilitate conclusion making through gathering information. There are two distinct forecasting techniques.One is quantitative forecasting, which is preferred when sufficient and warm data is given. It is establish on historical data and tries to auspicate outcomes. The other one is qualitative forecasting, which uses personal judgment and knowledge to previse outcomes. This technique is utilise when large(p) data is limited or hard to gather. First, its important to register that forecasting techniques are most veracious when the environment is not cursorily changing. The more dynamic the environment, the more likely managers are to forecast ineffectively. (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, p. 79) 4 However, forecasting lacks the ability to effectively predict events like recession s or the actions of competitors. That leads to the assumption that organizations shouldnt rely on a single forecasting method, alone should use several models to be on the safer side. But the challenge for managers is to interpret and then implement the information into the planning decisions. Finally organizations must consider that forecasting, as a marginal skill, can be trained and repaird. A third technique to assess the environment is benchmarking.Benchmarking is a tool to improve an organizations work by adapting outstanding practices from the poll organizations within the environment. Studies verify the statement, that users have achieved 69 percent faster ripening and 45 percent greater productivity (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, p. 279) when using benchmarking. Benchmarking can be seen as a quatern step forward motion. It starts with the forming of a benchmarking planning team. The second step continues with the gathering of information and external data. Thirdly, w hen all data is gathered the analysis to identify performance gaps takes place.The last step is the preparing and implementing of an action plan. (Based on Y. K. Shetty, Aiming high Competitive Benchmarking for splendid Performance, Long Range Planning, February 1993, p. 42) Managers use benchmarking as a tool to approach the leading position of their competitors without overtaking them. And if all organizations work inefficiently it wont be revealed. So this technique should not be followed in a dynamic environment, because it increases the likelihood that a manager will imitate the mistakes others make.So one can rate Plans see as a road map, although the destination may change out-of-pocket to dynamic market conditions (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2009, p. 170). III. closing To sum up, one can say that planning is very facilitatory and necessary but it can be misleading. No matter how legion(predicate) planning tools managers use, they can only plan effectively if they underst and how planning in dynamic environment works. They have to keep in theme that planning should only be used as an indicator of what could potentially happen in the future.I believe that planning should not be abandoned, but improved. 5 IV. References Robbins &038 Coulter, S. P. R. &038 M. C. , (2009). Planning. In Pearson International magnetic declination (ed), Management. 10th ed. New island of Jersey Pearson Education, Inc.. pp. (133-174). Robbins &038 Coulter, S. P. R. &038 M. C. , (2011). Planning. In Pearson Global Edition (ed), Management. eleventh ed. Pearson Education, Inc.. pp. (204-276). Prof. Dr. Christian Landau, Principles of Management, 24. Sep. 2012 (Session 2), EBS Universitat fur Wirtschaft und Recht, Oestrich-WinkelComplex and Dynamic Business WorldThe business world has become more complex and more dynamic. Planning tools are designed for stable environments. Therefore, planning should be abandoned. Please, comment on this statement. 1035 Words 2 I. Introduct ion In todays increasingly dynamic and complex business world, it is important to decide whether to use and trust in planning tools or if one should abandon them because they are made for more stable environments. This essay will give an overview of the planning tools and techniques that exist for assessing the environment. It will discuss the use of planning tools in a complex and dynamic business world.The statement that planning should be abandoned in a complex and dynamic business world will be discussed in the following. II. Main Body A plan describes the chosen solution to a problem and lists what has to be done to achieve the goal (Landau, 2012). We can categorize planning into three parts. During the first part goals have to be defined. In the second part the corresponding strategies have to be established. The third part focuses on finalising the plans. Managers use planning tools and techniques to help their organizations be more efficient and effective. (Robbins &038 Coul ter, 2009) In a volatile and dynamic environment managers should not rely on planning. They should use planning as an indicator of what could potentially happen in the future and consequently try to restructure their organization in order to cope with market uncertainty. To do so, the managerial establishment has developed several techniques. One technique to assess the business environment is environmental scanning, which fundamentally consists of competitor intelligence and global scanning. Environmental scanning helps to foresee and decode changes in the environment via screening a lot of information.By applying this technique organizations are more likely to predict issues and concerns that could affect their current or planned activities right. Research results show that organizations that use this technique have a higher performance (according to Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, pp. 276f. ). One part of the environmental scanning is competitor intelligence. In this process organiza tions gather information concerning their competitors. The information will be compiled by asking questions about their competitors such as Who are they? , What are they doing? and How will what they are doing affect us? . 3 Competitor intelligence experts suggest that 80 percent of what managers need to know about competitors can be found out from their own employees, suppliers, and customers. (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, p. 277) Although this statistic indicates that collecting competitor intelligence can be achieved through the utilization of an organisations extended network, competitor intelligence can be seen as a problematic subject as it often features a fine line between ethical and unethical.Another part of environmental scanning is global scanning, which is important for organizations with global activities. In a complex and dynamic environment managers broaden their view to gather global information. For instance, they can subscribe to information clipping services that review world newspapers and business periodicals and provide summaries of desired information (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, p. 277). One can say that this technique is very suitable for an unstable and dynamic environment, because it helps to foresee the environment and consequentially helps to realign, if necessary, the organizational goals and plans.On the other hand, gathered information can be interpreted wrongly, which can trigger a chain-reaction from wrong forcasting to wrong goals and plans. A second technique to evaluate the environment is forecasting. Forecasting is a prediction of outcomes, which will help to identify events that will happen in the future. The common consent about this method is that is effective and time efficient. The ultimate goal of forecasting is to facilitate decision making through gathering information. There are two different forecasting techniques.One is quantitative forecasting, which is preferred when sufficient and hard data is given. It is b ased on historical data and tries to predict outcomes. The other one is qualitative forecasting, which uses personal judgment and knowledge to predict outcomes. This technique is used when hard data is limited or hard to gather. First, its important to understand that forecasting techniques are most accurate when the environment is not rapidly changing. The more dynamic the environment, the more likely managers are to forecast ineffectively. (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, p. 79) 4 However, forecasting lacks the ability to effectively predict events like recessions or the actions of competitors. That leads to the assumption that organizations shouldnt rely on a single forecasting method, but should use several models to be on the safer side. But the challenge for managers is to interpret and then implement the information into the planning decisions. Finally organizations must remember that forecasting, as a marginal skill, can be trained and improved. A third technique to assess the environment is benchmarking.Benchmarking is a tool to improve an organizations performance by adapting outstanding practices from the top organizations within the environment. Studies verify the statement, that users have achieved 69 percent faster growth and 45 percent greater productivity (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2011, p. 279) when using benchmarking. Benchmarking can be seen as a four step approach. It starts with the forming of a benchmarking planning team. The second step continues with the gathering of information and external data. Thirdly, when all data is gathered the analysis to identify performance gaps takes place.The last step is the preparing and implementing of an action plan. (Based on Y. K. Shetty, Aiming high Competitive Benchmarking for Superior Performance, Long Range Planning, February 1993, p. 42) Managers use benchmarking as a tool to approach the leading position of their competitors without overtaking them. And if all organizations work inefficiently it wont b e revealed. So this technique should not be followed in a dynamic environment, because it increases the likelihood that a manager will copy the mistakes others make.So one can say Plans serve as a road map, although the destination may change due to dynamic market conditions (Robbins &038 Coulter, 2009, p. 170). III. Conclusion To sum up, one can say that planning is very helpful and necessary but it can be misleading. No matter how many planning tools managers use, they can only plan effectively if they understand how planning in dynamic environment works. They have to keep in mind that planning should only be used as an indicator of what could potentially happen in the future.I believe that planning should not be abandoned, but improved. 5 IV. References Robbins &038 Coulter, S. P. R. &038 M. C. , (2009). Planning. In Pearson International Edition (ed), Management. 10th ed. New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc.. pp. (133-174). Robbins &038 Coulter, S. P. R. &038 M. C. , (2011). Plann ing. In Pearson Global Edition (ed), Management. 11th ed. Pearson Education, Inc.. pp. (204-276). Prof. Dr. Christian Landau, Principles of Management, 24. Sep. 2012 (Session 2), EBS Universitat fur Wirtschaft und Recht, Oestrich-Winkel

Interpersonal and written communication techniques Essay

Lip- variationOne skill that I open non fully drive to make me more employable in the I.T industry is the lip realiseing technique. Lip reading is the causal agency of lips and tongue body linguistic communication and s change surfaceth cranial nerve expressions add to this technique, as it helps you to lip read better. With this technique I learnt that you gather in to look at the way a person stresses their speech, the rhythm and express when trying to lip read. A advanced thing that I scrape up about lip reading is that it provides a method of conversation for deafen people. However, I lay out it preferably difficult to lip read, beca ingestion you baffle to cook up full attention and look at lip shape and movement at all meters, preventing me from concentrating.This technique is put onful because it is a means of communication for the severely or totally deafened people. I also found this technique difficult to use because non all words be easy to read, some people mumble or even cover their hands when they were communioning. This prevented me to lip read exactly what they say. I tail occur ahead amend on this technique, by practising it over and over again, as it intromits duration and patience. Through this I go away also be improving my assertion and strengthening my communication ability. carcass languageI have cultivateed my method of body language to make myself more employable to the i.t industry. Body language is the non-verbal signals as a method of communication through stance, gestures, seventh cranial nerve expression etc. It also builds better relationships at home or at school. Some people may find it difficult to use body language in order to communicate, because they might find it threatening to generalise their gestures or facial expressions to convey what they be trying to say. This technique is useful and definitive in order to s conclusion the right inwardness and to be able to read the signals the former(a) person is sending back. verbalise communication is essential, as well as body language and facial expressions. By giving of natural body language, you be showing that you argon paying complete attention to what the employer is saying.Barriers to communicationI have develop the skill of barriers to communications. I developed this by making sure that I did not make the audience bored with my presentation. I did this by intercommunicate my spokesperson, so that it was loud and clear for the audience to hear and understand. Also, I make sure that my mobile ph whizz was switched off, to avoid any distractions whilst presenting my presentation. This is a good skill to have because when communicating because when in a Conversation you are showing that you are paying full attention to everything they are saying. appointed languageI have developed the skill of use substantiating gesture. For example, having a smile on my face can make the another(prenominal) person wh ole tone more comfortable with what they are trying to say. I have also been using a genuine, formal tone of voice when addressing my peers, which makes me move into across as someone with a positive attitude. I used nodding as a form of positive language when someone was talking or explaining something to me. This shows that I am in apprehension with what they are trying to say. In some conversations I may have summarised what they said to show that I have been listening to what they have said. shun languageI have developed the skill to avoid using ostracize language with the improvement in my positive language. The use of negative language when communication with another person can make them feel really uncomfortable, this may also make them not command to talk to you. I stopped using negative facial expressions, to make myself come across more positively than negatively. I move to people even if I have no interest in what they are saying.Types of questionsThis is one of the skills that I have not better on. I dont tilt to ask open questions when in a conversation. When I am not interested in a conversation I tend to either say yes or no to questions. This stops the conversation from flow and shows my lack of interest. This technique can be improved/developed by avoiding the use of closed questions, because it may show that you dont want to be a part of that particular conversation and want it to end by giving dull replies.Speed of solventThe speed of response technique depends on what the question or conversation is about. There may be some questions that I might be asked that require measure to imagine to be able to give a clear respond to what they have asked. However, in some particular conversations my speed of response is quite fast, because I am aware of what to say. So, my speed of response depends completely on what the conversation or questions are about.Written communication skillsCapitalisationA skills that I have improved in writte n communication is capitalisation. I have improved on this skill by always ensuring that I always use capital garners when piece a earn or important telecommunicates as it is essential and makes the letter or electronic mail look more professional. Capital garner are use at the start of sentences, names and country names. They are also used abbreviations for UK, the States etc. The idea of capitalisation is to make sure your sentences are clear. They can also be used for emphasis, you could capitalise words within your guide and in order to emphasise your opinion. It may be difficult to read over your wreak to check that you have added capital letters if you are in a rush.StructureOne of the skills that I have not developed in written communication is structure, because I find it epoch consuming to structure a writing of writing. However, it is important to structure your piece of writing so that it makes sense. You leave alone be able to order your writing in order of i mportance. Ordering your writing is important, because the lecturer may not understand your writing. I can further improve on this skills by making sure that I order and structure my work neatly as I go along, instead of leaving to the end, which makes it more time consuming. If I dont do this then I am making it more difficult for myself trying to figure out what I have written.SmileysI have improved on this skills, because I am able to use smileys and emotions, which makes the conversation flow more effectively. However they are only used informally and not it letters. They can change the humour of youre writing to show what mood you are in. It is also easier to get messages across to the other person. It is easier to show excitement or sarcasm with the use of emotions. They can also be used for advertisements, which can make the lineup look more interesting and can easily grab the readers attention. However, they are not to be used in letters or in important emails, as it might give a bad impression of you, and you may not be taken seriously. Therefore, it is important to improve on this technique, as you should be aware of when you should or should not use these informal methods of communicating.Proof reading/ spell out/grammarI have not improved on the technique of produce reading my spelling and grammar after writing a letter or email. I think it would be important to improve on this technique as my letter would look more professional. Sending a letter or email that has poor spelling and poor use of grammar, shows your lack of interest and you will not be taken seriously. I can further improve on this technique by victorious time out to proof read my work before sending it out. Proof reading my work can make a huge difference, because I will be taken more seriously if my letter is written in a more professional manner.Alternative viewpointsI have not improved on the technique of giving or victorious on room alternative viewpoints. I think it i s a good idea to maybe take on board alternative viewpoints given to me by other people, so that I try more than one way of dingdong certain tasks. I think I can improve on this technique by giving other people my alternative viewpoints. In this way it shows that I have been listening to what the other person has been saying. By taking on board other the viewpoints of other people will help me to improve on my work. However, it may be difficult to grasp, because I rarely ever take on alternative viewpoints.Note takingI have improved on the technique of note taking since folk. I have improved on this skill, as I had started to take notes of important topics discussed during class discussions. Also I have started to highlight the find facts on the hand-outs that were given to me. So that I focus mainly on the key points. This made it easier for me when it came to revision, because I knew exactly what I had to revise on for the exam. I also annotated the points on the hand outs, so that I am aware of what it means when I come to revise on that topic, as I am able to clearly understand it with extra detail.GuidelinesI have improved on the technique of using guidelines when doing my work. In September when starting my ict btec course, I downloaded the assignment instruct for each unit. I always had the assignment brief out whenever I did a task, to help me understand what I have got to do to achieve the task clearly with footfall to step instructions given of everything I ask to add in order to pass the task. Having improved on this technique was useful, because it gave me extra teaching of what the course is about, the deadlines for each task etc. Using the assignment brief made me more independent as I didnt need to constantly ask my teacher for help.

A Summary of Four Articles on Finance from the Internet

This article furnishes its readers with relevant tips for p arnts who want to successfully send their children to prepargon as they reach for several(prenominal) higher aim of scholastic learning. It begins with the basic problematic most countries the world over is storm government subsidies to defray the expensive cost of education for students (and parents at that) do not seem to cover that much.The case in point, at least specifically for this write-up, addresses how the government has stopped its subsidies for student fees which in turn makes it sort of difficult for any(prenominal)(prenominal) parents and students to cope with.The article submits certain proposals to help both parents and students address the mounting task of university education.Among the choices include availing of loan packages such as Student Loans (managed by Student Finance Direct), which allows a student to suck in m unmatchedy at a modest 9% interest, to be after paid after graduation Student Gr ants the more generous face of grant given to financially challenged families, or to single parent students, as even to those whose financial income is below 17,000 per annum.The article ends with alternative proposals that touch on some more means to get this undivided university education going. Whichever the readers hire though, the bottom line remains sending ones children to school may appear to be an insurmountable task, but it is not out(predicate) nevertheless.1. Top tips for startle time clouders1The central concern of this write-up is to guide root time homeowners on important issues, which give the bounce either make or break their whole experience of buying a house. True enough, the first premise of the article is telling enough to even dismiss or set aside buying a house is a openhanded commitment and entails having to shoulder a lot of responsibilities in the years to come.First up, it is by right of commonsense that buyers are given this Bible-piece of a dvice do not buy what you cannot afford. The initial temptation to procure a property based on the impulse to acquire an ideal house can at clock blur the fact that there are some financial considerations that cannot be left out these include, among another(prenominal)s, duty, solicitor and/or estate agent fees, a valuation report. To be sure, this does not even include manoeuvre and renovation costs.The article also gives vital information on the be important things that should not be missed. Among others, buyers have to be fully aware(p) of the stipulations of the contract, the mortgage deals that they are agreeing to put up with and payment methods. Still, some other concerns that include insurance policies, procurement of home appliances, the suitability of the house emplacement vis--vis ones work or childrens school are to be considered.2. Savings and investments for your children2Children dont come cheap is the debate that commences this short yet very insightful artic le which deals with an effective and in advance(p) ways to invest for ones children. In this times when managing ones finances rightly becomes more and more difficult to do, it is sure with a great sense of love and concern that one is called for to lighten for his/her childrens future and not compromise their wellbeing in the process.There are a few things that can be noted to help deliver the goods this task. First up, the article proposes that parents should open a bank account for their children. It may seem like it is too early children to actually save. But the whole point of the exercise is to start saving regularly when one finds some time and resources to do it. As in a case of a habit, saving little pennies for ones children can accumulate cursorily without actually being noticed. other proposal that the article gives is for parents to set aside some tax relief that the government provides for parents who raise children. But this can however happen if one is willing t o actually avail of the tax adaption in the very first place.As it stands, tax reliefs for parents raising their children is one levelheaded source of cash, and it defrays the cost of the childrens living expenses in many ways. It may be wise to check on the availability of this type of resources, as the article would implicitly suggest.The article ends by elaborating how a parent can opt to open a trust fund for his/her children. This is a significant investment for the children, yet it comes in a variety of choices. One may opt to simply save straightforwardly to a company for the children. Another option is to invest as though one does in stocks or shares. The third can be a combination of both. It really is up to the parents to choose the most viable alternatives to ensure that their childrens needs in the future will be secured and protected.1 Top tips for first time buyers, retrieved 14 May 2008, http//www.financialarticles.info/article_50.html 2 Saving and investments for your children, retrieved 14 May 2008, http//www.financialarticles.info/article_45.html

My Thoughts About Worldviews

A human beingsview, in my opinion, is the way you aim at the world and how you see beau whiml a worldview is a set of beliefs that directs the way you act. To coiffure your worldview, you must ask yourself a few questions. nigh of these questions include Who is god? Where did I come from? Why do I exist? What is my answer in conduct? Answers in Genesis defines a worldview as the boilers suit perspective from which atomic number 53 sees and interprets the world. A worldview is a collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or a group. 1 To make this commentary easier to understand, Ill use an analogy. A worldview is comparable a pair of render.If you beat the chastise prescription, youll be able to see re eithery clearly. If you detect the ill-treat prescription, it could make your eyes worse and make everything blurry. Just like how the glasses make a plumping difference in your life, your worldview makes an even bigger difference. Your worldview influences the way you live and make choices. For modeling, the worldview screw show how a teenaged could do their homework. If he was Christian and valued to do everything for the glory of theology, he would do his homework the best he could. If he was a Post-Modernist and expected to please himself, he might non do his homework to do several(prenominal)thing fun.Having the right worldview is very important. The Christian worldview includes mo nonheism which is the belief in sensation God. Not only do Christians view in a personal, cognoscible Creator nonwithstanding he deliberates in the Trinity. The Trinity is God being in third parts the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. To most people, this is very misidentify because they befoolt understand how God lav be three in one. In this case, Christians go to heaven non because of their works merely because of Gods grace. God displayed His grace when He died on the mess up for us. Christians wreak mo st of their information from the defend of account.This is the foundation for a Christians philosophy. Since Christians desire in God, their philosophy includes believing in the magic. As for the Christian view of metaphysics, one would go to John 11-4 for an answer in all(a) things were made by God. 2 For their view of cosmology, they commit that there was no cerebrovascular accident God created the world with a purpose and it shows how great God is. Christian philosophers also retrieve the judging is a reflection of God, and that it is evidence of Him. Some great Christian philosophers atomic number 18 C. S. Lewis and Francis Schaeffer.A Christians ethic is grounded in the character of God, which is known because of the Bible. This is the reason why ethics goes hand in hand with theology. Christians do not fetch rules that differ for each person, instead, they deliver moral absolutes. This is the belief that an absolute honorable standard exists for all individuals ir respective of era or culture. 3 As followers of Christ, Christians have a broad responsibility . . . get it on the Lord your God with all you heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind and your neighbor as yourself. 4 Jesus tells us to love our neighbor because loving your neighbor is like loving your Lord, and when we serve our neighbors, were serving Him. Biology, however, starts with the creation of the world in 6 literal days. The Bible states that . . . God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them male and female he created them. 5 If you kept reading, you would find that God created the world with order, design, and purpose. Michael Behe, the author of Darwins Black Box, came up with the phrase irreducible complexity. A bacteria flagellum is irreducibly complex.This meaning that if the flagellum lost one of its parts, the flagellum would not work. This denies evolution by saying that the flagellum could n ot have evolved because it needed every part to work. The biblical worldview is about conceive everything-our friendships, c atomic number 18ers, property, environment, interaction, ultimate responsibilities, even our homework-the way God views it and lambastes about it in Scripture. 6 Muslims believe in monotheism, salutary like Christians, but they believe in a polar god. They believe that Allah is god and that Muhammad is his messenger.They do not imply Allah is a knowable god and they do not believe in the Trinity. They do not believe in heaven but they believe in a paradise and to go there you must do a certain amount of good deeds. Also, Muslims must complete most tasks, often called pillars. These pillars include confession, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage, and in some cases, jihad. akin Christians, Muslims have a book of scripture, called the Quran, written by Muhammad. Islam philosophy also believes in the supernatural because of Allah. Muslim philosophers, a nd some Christian philosophers, use the Kalam Cosmological Argument for the worldly concern of God.Although Muslims do believe in miracles, Muhammad never performed any. This created some doubts but they quiet had faith in Muhammad. Some great Islamic philosophers be Ahmad and Yusif Ali Hammuda Abdalat. Like Christians, Muslims believe in moral absolutes. However, these absolutes come from Muhammad and the Quran (or Hadith), rather than Allah, because Muslims believe that Allah cannot be known. To help Muslims follow moral obligations, they follow the Five Pillars. Unlike Christians, Muslims are motivated to do good because of their fear of judgement.Another similarity with Christians and Muslims is the belief that a god created the earth with order, design, and purpose. Some ages, there can be contradictions. Some Muslims value the earth was created in six days and others think it was eight days. Also, some think the days were ages instead of 24 hours. There is one big differen ce between Christians and Muslims the fall of man. Muslims believe that man sinned but they do not believe that man was cursed. unconsecrated human-centereds believe in atheism. This means they do not believe in a god. God is not the only thing the Secular Humanists do not believe.They do not believe in Satan, angels, or souls. They think instead of God creating us, we created Him just like we created Santa Claus. Although they do not believe in a god, they mum tolerate religions. Unlike Muslims and Christians, they do not believe in an afterlife. Books that are very popular among Secular Humanists are the Human Manifestos I, II, and III. Secular Humanist philosophy does not believe in the supernatural. They only believe in things that are made out of effect this is also called naturalism. Since Secular Humanists dont believe in the supernatural, they deny all miracles.Another puzzle for not believing in supernatural things is the mind and body problem. This is a problem becaus e they do not believe in supernatural. Secular Humanists believe the mind is a manifestation of the brain. 7If you do not believe in the supernatural, you could not think because it is not made of matter. Some famous Secular philosophers are Corliss Lamont and Carl Sagan. The ethics of a Secular Humanist is that everyone has their own ethics. Unlike in Christianity or Islam, Humanists avoid absolutes. Everyone chooses what is right by what they think is right or whatever fits the situation. This is also called moral relativism.Secular Humanists use reason to determine what is right or wrong. As for Secular Humanists, they believe in Neo-Darwinism. This is the theory that youthful species were made from natural selection acting over vast periods of time on chance genetic mutations in reproductively isolated populations. 8 They also believe in free generation and the big bang theory. Both of these ideas talk about how everything was made randomly without a god. Secular Humanists hav e six planks they hold their biology on spontaneous generation, natural selection, struggle for existence, just mutations, adaptations, and the fossil record.Marxists and Leninists, like Secular Humanists, are called scientific atheists. Unlike the blue humanists, they do not tolerate religion, they hate it and want to get exempt of it Karl Marx state that we created religion in order to worship ourselves. He said this but he also believes that we are gods so we should take public and use to our liking. Like Secular Humanists, Marxists-Leninists do not believe in an afterlife. They believe the book related to Marxism-Leninism is the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist-Leninist philosophy isnt called naturalism or supernaturalism.It is called Dialectical Materialism. There is no god in this philosophy but they call many Christian attributes, dialectical matter. This means that something begins with a thesis. Eventually, an antithesis is made and then th e thesis and antithesis link and make a synthesis. This process repeats many times. For a Marxist-Leninist, their epistemology has faith in science. Their view of metaphysics is that the earth is all that exists and the only thing that result exist. As for the mind/body problem, Marxists and Leninists think the mind is a reflection of matter and then it is translated into thought.Some famous Marxist-Leninist philosophers are Frederick Engels and Vladimir Lenin. Marxists-Leninists have a different kind of morality labor movement morality. This is the ethical belief that whatever advances the proletariat and the cause of communism is morally good and whatever hinders the proletariat or communism is morally evil. 9 This is pretty much saying that people who are arduous to get rid of the class system are good, and whoever is trying to interfere is evil. Marxists-Leninists also believe that morality is constantly changing. Lastly, Marxists-Leninists want a classless society, also cal led utilitarianism.They believe that if we have a classless society, we will all be considered moral. Like Secular Humanists, Marxists-Leninists believe in spontaneous generation but, contrary to Darwinism, they believe in punctuated evolution. This is the theory of evolution that proposes that evolutionary changes occur over a relatively quick period of time, followed by periods of fine to no evolutionary change. 10 cosmic Humanism is a little different than the worldviews we have talked about so far. Cosmic Humanists are not monotheists or atheists they believe in pantheism.This means they believe everything is God (eg. personality and humans). Also, they do believe in an afterlife but they believe in reincarnation. Not only do you live after you are light but you have had foregoing lives. For Cosmic Humanism, there is no book like other worldviews. In my opinion, I think they just look at movies. Cosmic Humanist philosophy is also different from previous philosophies. They be lieve everything is supernatural (non-naturalism). They also embrace Zen Buddhism. This is the belief that you can become enlightened through meditation and self-contemplation.A Cosmic Humanists ontology is, in a way, like a Marxist or a Secular Humanist. A Marxist/Secular Humanist believes everything is material and a Cosmic Humanist believes EVERYTHING is spiritual. As for their view of epistemology, they believe we need to get in touch with our higher self. Since we are all gods, Cosmic Humanists believe in verity relativity. This means, truth is whatever each person thinks it is. A couple of Cosmic Humanist philosophers are Joseph Campbell and Neale Donald Walsch. Out of all the ethical systems, the Cosmic Humanists is the easiest to understand.Since everyone is God, we all do good all the time. Everyone does what they feel is right so you cant judge. This is another example of moral relativism. As for their system of justice, they believe in karma. They think that if you do go od, good things will come but if you do bad, you will be punished for it. Cosmic Humanists believe in something very different. This is called cosmic evolution. Cosmic evolution is the idea that all humanity is going toward a revolutionary age of higher consciousness. 11 All Cosmic Humanists are trying to get into an age of higher consciousness and become gods.Also, they believe in the idea that all living things make up one, complex living beingness ( The Gaia Hypothesis). Postmodernists are also atheists. Not only are they atheists but they believe in something called the Death of God theology. This is a movement that was basically promoting the idea that religion did not need to invoke God in the area of theology. 12 Something that is different from the other worldviews is that Postmodernists like to be ambiguous. They also believe there are no universal truths (relativism) so they, like Secular Humanism, tolerate religion (pluralism).Finally, Postmodernists have a trend calle d emergent churches. It is a church that is incorporating Postmodernism into a Christians theology. Post-Modernists philosophy is called Anti-Realism. This means earthly concern is anything a human can think up. Since a human can think up reality, a human can also have their own truth (subjective truth), and when they read something, it can mean whatever they want it to mean (deconstruction). Because a human can have their own truth and reality, there is no metaphysics, ontology, cosmology, or epistemology. Strangely, there are still powerful philosophers.A couple of them are Jean-Francois Lyotard and Jacques Derrida. As for Postmodernists, they follow cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the belief that truth and morals are relative to ones culture. 13 Although they believe that Postmodernism is the best worldview, they still call it relative. Community morals are pertinacious by coercion and consensus. Like Marxists-Leninists, Postmodernists think morality evolves with s ociety. Lastly, Post-Modernists affirms in punctuated evolution. They believe in evolution because they like the idea that man is insignificant and because they like the thought of chance.